Virginia Rental License: Do You Need One?

In Virginia, a rental license is a permit that allows a property owner to legally rent out a residential unit is often the first thing a new landlord wonders about. The short answer is: it depends on where the property is located, the type of unit, and the local government’s rules. This guide walks you through every scenario, shows you how to apply, and highlights the biggest mistakes to avoid.

Key Takeaways

• Virginia does not have a statewide rental‑license requirement; most rules are set by counties or cities.
• You’ll need a license if you rent out an entire dwelling, a multi‑family building, or short‑term rentals in many jurisdictions.
• The Virginia rental license process usually involves a application to the local County Permit Office where permits, inspections, and fees are handled.
• Fees range from $25 for a single‑family home to $150 for larger complexes, and processing can take 7‑30 days.
• Compliance with the Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act sets basic rights and duties for landlords and tenants across the Commonwealth is required regardless of licensing.

Who Needs a Rental License?

The need for a license hinges on three factors:

1. Property type: Single‑family homes, duplexes, townhouses, and apartment buildings are commonly covered. Some cities also require a license for room‑by‑room rentals (e.g., student housing).
2. Rental duration: Long‑term leases (30 days or more) fall under standard licensing rules, while short‑term rentals (under 30 days) may be subject to additional tourism taxes and permits.
3. Location: Each county or independent city sets its own criteria. For example, Virginia Beach requires a rental license for all residential units used for profit, whereas some rural counties only require a license for multi‑family properties.

If any of those boxes apply, you’ll likely need to secure a rental license from the appropriate local authority.

Statewide vs. Local Licensing

Virginia’s state government, through the Virginia Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD) oversees housing policy and provides guidance on landlord‑tenant matters, does not issue a universal rental license. Instead, the DHCD enforces the Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act which sets minimum standards for habitability, security deposits, and notice periods that all landlords must follow.

Local governments fill the gap by requiring a permit that confirms the property meets zoning, health, and safety standards. The most common local permits include:

• Rental License - A basic permit confirming the unit is legally allowed to be rented.
• Certificate of Occupancy - Confirms the building complies with building codes and is safe for habitation. Some jurisdictions require this before issuing a rental license.
• Business License - If you operate multiple rental units or a property‑management company, a business license may be required in addition to the rental license.

Step‑by‑Step: How to Apply for a Virginia Rental License

1. Check Local Requirements: Visit your county or city’s official website and search for “rental license” or “landlord permit.” Look for downloadable application forms and fee schedules.
2. Gather Required Documents:
   • Proof of ownership or a signed lease agreement.
   • Recent property tax statement.
   • Certificate of Occupancy (if already obtained).
   • Proof of compliance with the Fair Housing Act which prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, familial status, or disability.
3. Complete the Application: Fill out the form with property address, owner contact info, number of units, and intended rental type (long‑term vs. short‑term).
4. Pay the Fee: Fees vary. For example, the City of Richmond charges $50 for a single‑family home and $200 for a multi‑family building.
   • Most jurisdictions accept credit cards, checks, or online payments.
   • Keep the receipt; you’ll need it for future renewals.
5. Schedule an Inspection (if required): Some cities, like Alexandria requires a health and safety inspection before granting a rental license. The inspector will check smoke detectors, egress windows, and overall habitability.
6. Receive Your License: Once approved, you’ll receive a physical license to post in a visible location inside the rental unit (often near the front door).
7. Renew Annually: Most licenses are valid for one year. Renewal usually involves a small fee and a confirmation that the property still meets local standards.

Fees, Timelines, and Renewal

Fees differ by jurisdiction and property size. Below is a quick snapshot:

• Single‑family home: $25-$75
• Duplex or triplex: $50-$150
• Apartment complex (10+ units): $100-$300

Processing times range from 7 days (in smaller counties) to 30 days (in larger cities with inspections). Plan ahead if you need the unit to be rentable by a specific date.

Renewal notices are typically mailed 30 days before expiration. Failure to renew can result in a $200 penalty and a possible stop‑work order.

Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

• Skipping the inspection: Even if your city doesn’t explicitly require one, an uninspected property can be cited for code violations later.
• Ignoring zoning rules: Some neighborhoods are zoned “single‑family only.” Renting out a duplex without a variance can lead to fines and forced vacancy.
• Not posting the license: The law usually mandates that the license be displayed inside the unit. Enforcement officers may cite you for non‑compliance.
• Overlooking the Fair Housing Act: Discriminatory advertising or lease terms can trigger legal action, regardless of your license status.

License Requirements by Major Virginia Localities

Next Steps for New Landlords

Start by locating your local County Permit Office which handles rental licensing, zoning permits, and inspections website. Download the application, gather the documents listed above, and set a calendar reminder for renewal 30 days before your license expires.

If you manage several properties, consider hiring a property‑management firm that can track compliance across multiple jurisdictions. Many firms already have a standing relationship with local inspectors and can streamline the renewal process.

Frequently Asked Questions

By following the steps above and staying on top of local requirements, you’ll keep your rental operation legal, profitable, and hassle‑free.